{"id":2047,"date":"2019-02-21T22:34:30","date_gmt":"2019-02-21T22:34:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ioha.org\/?p=2047"},"modified":"2022-02-24T19:08:52","modified_gmt":"2022-02-24T19:08:52","slug":"grupos-de-historia-oral-de-base-en-grecia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ioha.org\/es\/grassroots-oral-history-groups-in-greece\/","title":{"rendered":"Grupos de historia oral de base en Grecia"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

Grupos de historia oral de base en Grecia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Riki Van Boeschoten<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uno de los aspectos m\u00e1s interesantes del panorama de la historia oral en Grecia es la proliferaci\u00f3n de grupos locales de historia oral de base en todo el pa\u00eds. En 2011 se cre\u00f3 el primer grupo de historia oral en Kypseli, un barrio de Atenas muy afectado por las graves consecuencias sociales de la crisis econ\u00f3mica, pero el movimiento se fue extendiendo a otros barrios de la capital. A finales de 2014 hab\u00eda un total de ocho grupos, casi todos ellos en Atenas. Pero al a\u00f1o siguiente el movimiento comenz\u00f3 a extenderse tambi\u00e9n a otras zonas. Especialmente en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os hemos visto un crecimiento exponencial. A finales de 2018 se hab\u00edan creado 37 grupos desde 2011, de los cuales 30 segu\u00edan activos. Alrededor de la mitad de ellos estaban ubicados en ciudades de provincia m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la capital y en conjunto estos grupos han recogido m\u00e1s de 600 entrevistas.<\/p>\n

Todos los grupos se han creado tras un taller de formaci\u00f3n de 18 horas en el que se familiariza a los futuros miembros con las t\u00e9cnicas de entrevista, el archivo y la \u00e9tica. Sus miembros son voluntarios de todas las edades, que forman colectividades informales independientes y trabajan juntos en un marco de colaboraci\u00f3n. Estas colectividades re\u00fanen a personas con un inter\u00e9s genuino por la historia, como profesores de escuela, arquitectos, historiadores locales, artistas y estudiantes. Mientras que durante los primeros a\u00f1os los grupos se centraban sobre todo en sus propios barrios, en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os hemos asistido a una importante diversificaci\u00f3n. Por un lado, se han creado una serie de grupos de inter\u00e9s especial que re\u00fanen a activistas que ya trabajan en otros \u00e1mbitos: por ejemplo, en estructuras alternativas relacionadas con cuestiones medioambientales, de asistencia sanitaria social o de liberaci\u00f3n de la mujer. Por otro lado, algunos grupos se crearon con el apoyo o la colaboraci\u00f3n de instituciones locales (museos, archivos, bibliotecas, municipios, departamentos universitarios). Una tercera categor\u00eda se refiere a los grupos creados para registrar las memorias de colectividades socioculturales espec\u00edficas, en el caso de los refugiados de Asia Menor.<\/p>\n

Esta evoluci\u00f3n es bastante sorprendente: aunque la historia oral se ha ense\u00f1ado en algunos departamentos universitarios durante las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, ha seguido siendo un fen\u00f3meno muy marginal en la sociedad griega. Dos factores importantes han contribuido a este cambio: el impacto de la crisis econ\u00f3mica que comenz\u00f3 en 2010 y la creaci\u00f3n de la Sociedad Griega de Historia Oral en 2012. La crisis econ\u00f3mica ha afectado profundamente a todos los aspectos de la sociedad griega, desde el desempleo masivo hasta los profundos cambios en la familia y en el sistema pol\u00edtico. En una sociedad en la que los traumas del pasado, sobre todo de los a\u00f1os 40, siguen muy vivos, esto ha llevado a muchas personas a reflexionar sobre una historia en gran medida silenciada para afrontar el presente y el futuro. Por otra parte, la crisis tambi\u00e9n ha desencadenado un desarrollo m\u00e1s general de estructuras alternativas dirigidas por ciudadanos activos, que cubren las necesidades econ\u00f3micas, sociales y culturales y trabajan con independencia de las estructuras de poder formales. La proliferaci\u00f3n de grupos locales de historia oral debe entenderse en este contexto espec\u00edfico. A otro nivel, la Asociaci\u00f3n Griega de Historia Oral ha apoyado este movimiento desde el principio organizando talleres de formaci\u00f3n por todo el pa\u00eds y proporcionando un marco m\u00e1s amplio para integrar estas iniciativas locales en un contexto internacional m\u00e1s amplio.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1s recientemente, se produjo un importante punto de inflexi\u00f3n cuando algunos de los grupos locales de historia oral empezaron a materializar lo que hab\u00eda sido su objetivo desde el principio: devolver las historias orales que hab\u00edan recogido a sus comunidades de origen para servir al \"prop\u00f3sito social de la historia\", como dir\u00eda Paul Thompson. En 2015 y 2017, los grupos de historia oral de Atenas organizaron un \"Festival de Historia Oral\" en el que los grupos presentaron su trabajo, a menudo invitando a sus entrevistados a asistir. Algunos grupos organizaron paseos sonoros por su ciudad o barrio, presentaron su trabajo en las escuelas locales o decidieron preparar una publicaci\u00f3n basada en sus entrevistas. Cabe destacar que dos grupos de historia oral (uno en Atenas y otro en Volos) que organizaron actos con recuerdos dolorosos de los a\u00f1os 40 (la resistencia contra la ocupaci\u00f3n nazi, el papel de los colaboradores locales y la posterior Guerra Civil) tuvieron un enorme \u00e9xito entre la poblaci\u00f3n local. Recuerdos que hab\u00edan permanecido ocultos durante d\u00e9cadas y que hab\u00edan sido silenciados en el seno de las familias salieron a la luz y permitieron reconocer los sufrimientos del pasado. Los entrevistados, que ahora tienen m\u00e1s de noventa a\u00f1os, fueron invitados de honor y se sintieron satisfechos de que por fin sus historias pudieran ser escuchadas en p\u00fablico.<\/p>\n

Este compromiso con las comunidades locales, si se combina con una actitud reflexiva y cr\u00edtica hacia el pasado, puede abrir el camino hacia el desarrollo de una aut\u00e9ntica democratizaci\u00f3n de la historia y potenciar el papel crucial de la historia oral en este desaf\u00edo.<\/p>\n

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